一、概述
時態，可以分成時式與態式。
時式有3種，分別為現在式、過去式及未來式；
態式有4種，分別為簡單式、進行式、完成式及完成進行式。
時式與態式相互組合，形成了各種形式的時態。
二、現在簡單式
用法：
1.現在的事實或狀態
Ex. You look so bored now.
2.現在的習慣、反覆(有規律)的動作
Ex. He always comes to class on time.
3.格言、科學事實、客觀不變的真理
Ex. Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者，事竟成)
Diamond cut diamond.(硬碰硬、棋逢敵手)
The earth moves around the sun.
Magellan and his crew proved that the earth is round.
(麥哲倫的船隊於1522年環航地球回到西班牙，用過去式，但地球是圓的為科學事實，用現在式)
4.代替未來式
Ex. If it rains tomorrow, we will not go.
※用法2和3，「習慣性的動作」和「真理」，表達「永恆」及「經常如此」，沒有時間或完成的問題，所以用現在簡單式。
※現在簡單式之重點：動詞變化。主詞為第三人稱單數且非假設法時，現在式的動詞(除have和be)字尾要加s或es
例句：Every dog has its day.(風水輪流轉)(此句為格言)
動詞字尾變化類型 1.+s (1)無聲子音為字尾 a.變化發音：[s]
b.例：She works for an oil company.
(2)有聲子音為字尾 a.變化發音：[z]
b.例：Jane still lives at home.
2.+es (1)字尾字母是 “ch,s,sh,x,z” :mixes, buzzes, passes …
(2)變化發音：[IZ]
(3)例：He always washes the dishes after dinner.
3.去y+ies (1)字尾之要件：子音+y(ex: cry)
(2)變化發音：[z]
(3)例：The best thing to do when your baby cries is to go to him.
4.若字尾是 ”母音+y”:直接+s，如 palys
5.若字尾是 "子音+o":直接+es ，如 go→goes
三、過去簡單式
過去簡單式之重點：動詞變化
例句：We traveled from Cairo to Aswan by bus.
動詞字尾變化類型：依動詞過去變化
四、未來簡單式
未來簡單式之重點：句型用法
句型用法類型1.will + 原形動詞
例：I will be 20 next Sunday.
2.be going to + 原形動詞
例：I'm going to visit two or more different cities in Italy.
五、現在完成式
意義：過去到現在發生某事。
句型用法類型1.have + 過去分詞
例：I have been to New York.
2.has + 過去分詞
例：The plane has already taken off.
用法：
1.表完成
Ex. He has written seven books so far.
2.表經驗
Ex. My father has been to Shanghai several times.
(註：He has gone to America. 他已經去美國了。本用法主詞只能為He, She或They。
He has been to America. 他有去過美國。可用於所有人稱。)
※完成式常常會接since和for ，用法如下：
1.since之後可以接：(1)過去時間點(ex: two weeks ago, last year, 2000 …)
(2)S + V過去式(ex: I saw him, he leaved …)
Ex. Lucy has lived in Taipei since 2011.
It has been many years since I last saw him.
2.for之後接一段時間(ex: one week, four years …)
Ex. He has been ill for two weeks.
※since用法整理：
Since + 1.過去時間點(ex: 1976)
2.名詞(ex: his arrival)
3.一段時間 +ago(ex: five days ago)
4.S + V過去式(ex: she left here)
※另外，有些表瞬間動作的動詞不宜用「現在完成式 + for + 一段時間」(ex: die, get, graduate …)
中文：他已經過世三年了。
英文：He has died for three years. →錯誤用法
He has been dead for three years. →正確
It is three years since he died. →正確，died為過去式
※When 或 What time 引導的疑問句，不用現在完成式：
Ex: When did you visit New York? →正確
When have you visited New York? →錯誤
六、過去完成式
意義：過去到過去發生某事。
句型用法：had + 過去分詞
例句：I realized what had happened.
七、未來完成式
意義：到未來發生某事。
句型用法：will have + 過去分詞
例句：My parents will have been married for 45 years on November 29th.
八、現在進行式
現在進行式之重點：句型用法
句型用法類型：1.am + 現在分詞
例：I'm opening the door.
2.are + 現在分詞
例：They are playing in the gym.
3.is + 現在分詞
例：John is running in the park.
用法：
1.現在正在進行或繼續的動作、狀態
Ex. Mom is doing dishes now.
2.Look! 或是 Listen!
Ex. Listen! Someone is knocking on the door.
3.不久將發生的動作或是預定的計畫
Ex. I am going to Taipei tomorrow.
※現在進行式若與always,constantly等字連用時，常有反覆進行的不良習慣或不耐煩的含意：
Ex. I am always forgetting people’s names.
九、過去進行式
過去進行式之重點：句型用法
句型用法類型：1.was + 現在分詞
例：He was always making some excuse to talk to me.
2.were + 現在分詞
例：When you were talking a bath , what happened ?
十、未來進行式
未來進行式之重點：句型用法
句型用法：will be + 現在分詞
例句：I'll be waiting for you at 4 p.m. tomorrow.
十一、現在完成進行式
意義：表從過去某時持續至今之事件。
句型用法類型：1.have been + 現在分詞
例：I have been waiting to receive this letter for a long time.
2.has been + 現在分詞
例：The media has been talking about Jeremy Lin.
He has been reading since this morning.
※本句型特別強調「從過去某時候開始，且一直持續到現在(甚至有可能持續到未來)的動作」。強調「動作還在持續」的性質，但也有「可能剛剛完成」或「最近一段時間持續進行的動作」
Ex. He’s very tired; he has been working hard all day.
十二、過去完成進行式
意義：表過去至過去持續之事件。
句型用法：had been + 現在分詞
例句：He had been reading a book.
十三、未來完成進行式
意義：表至未來某時持續之事件。
句型用法：will have been + 現在分詞
例句：He will have been reading a book.
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